![]() 6, 7, 8, 9 This code has a high tolerance to errors, or threshold (approximately 6.7 × 10 −3), requires only nearest-neighbor qubit interactions, has simple error syndrome extraction circuits, 10 and a suite of fault-tolerant logic based on transversal gates, 7 code deformation, 8, 11 or lattice surgery. While there are many approaches to achieving quantum fault-tolerance, one of the most promising is the two-dimensional (2D) surface code. The particular architecture for implementing a fault-tolerant operating scheme has bearing on the requirements necessary for the underlying physical qubits. QEC can be used to define fault-tolerant logical qubits, through employing a subtle redundancy in superpositions of entangled states and non-local measurements to extract entropy from the system without learning the state of the individual physical qubits. 4, 5 The essential idea in QEC is to encode information in subsystems of a larger physical space that are immune to noise. ![]() This conflict represents a fundamental impediment to reducing the physical qubit error rate low enough to perform long/difficult/large-scale/practical quantum computations with them directly.įortunately, it has been shown that with quantum error correction (QEC) it is possible to perform fault-tolerant quantum computing. This leads to the quantum conflict: balancing just enough control and coupling, while preserving quantum coherence. In a quantum computer, the information is encoded in quantum bits, or qubits, which need to interact strongly with one another, external inputs for control, and outputs for detection, but nothing else. However, there is a pernicious flaw to this increase in computational power. For example, Shor’s algorithm addresses the computational challenge of factoring by exploiting quantum interference to measure the periodicity of arithmetic objects. 1– 3 Loosely speaking, quantum computing targets problems that can exploit entanglement to explore correlations in computations, then selects the correct answer through constructive interference. Quantum computing holds the promise of solving some computation problems, that are untenable on conventional computers. Overall, the progress in this exciting field has been astounding, but we are at an important turning point, where it will be critical to incorporate engineering solutions with quantum architectural considerations, laying the foundation towards scalable fault-tolerant quantum computers in the near future. The current status of technology with regards to interconnected superconducting-qubit networks will be described and near-term areas of focus to improve devices will be identified. Here, we describe the important route towards a logical memory with superconducting qubits, employing a rotated version of the surface code. We believe that the next significant step will be to demonstrate a quantum memory, in which a system of interacting qubits stores an encoded logical qubit state longer than the incorporated parts. Since Richard Feynman’s famous ‘plenty of room at the bottom’ lecture (Feynman, Engineering and Science 23, 22 (1960)), hinting at the notion of novel devices employing quantum mechanics, the quantum information community has taken gigantic strides in understanding the potential applications of a quantum computer and laid the foundational requirements for building one. ![]() ![]() The technological world is in the midst of a quantum computing and quantum information revolution.
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